Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) associates with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension leads to LVH in adults, but its role in the pathogenesis of LVH in children is not as well established. To examine left ventricular mass and evaluate factors associated with LVH in children with stages 2 through 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD), we analyzed cross-sectional data from children who had baseline echocardiography (n = 366) and underwent ambulatory BP monitoring (n = 226) ...

BACKGROUND: Few studies have prospectively evaluated the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children and adolescents, as well as factors associated with progression.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter observational cohort study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 496 children and adolescents with CKD enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study.

PREDICTORS: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and anemia.

OUTCOMES: Parametric failure-time ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether casual blood pressure (BP) or ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) measurements obtained at the initial visit of a child with confirmed hypertension (HTN) might predict left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), possibly obviating the need for echocardiography.

STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 184 children aged 3 to 20 years who were referred for initial evaluation of elevated BP at 3 tertiary care centers. Casual BP and various ambulatory BP ...

BACKGROUND: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is widely utilized for the evaluation and management of hypertension in adults but has not been routinely used in the care of hypertensive children.

DESIGN: To examine the potential impact that the routine use of ABPM might have on the evaluation and management of hypertension in children, we reviewed our early experience with this technique, comparing management decisions based on ABPM with those based on casual blood pressure ...

Cyclosporin (Cs-A) is an effective treatment for difficult cases of nephrotic syndrome (NS), but its use can be complicated by renal toxicity and a high incidence of relapses after withdrawal. We reviewed the charts of 10 Cs-A-dependent patients and 4 patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) not previously treated with Cs-A therapy. All patients had persistent NS, even after prior treatment with oral cyclophosphamide. Of 10 patients treated with Cs-A, 4 had surveillance ...

To characterize the distribution of blood pressure (BP), prevalence, and risk factors for hypertension in pediatric chronic kidney disease, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline BPs in 432 children (mean age 11 years; 60% male; mean glomerular filtration rate 44 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort study. BPs were obtained using an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by iohexol disappearance. Elevated ...

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM) is the best method of detecting abnormal BP in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), whose hypertension may be missed with casual BP measurements. We report ABPM findings in 332 children 1 year after entry in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort study. All of the subjects underwent casual and ambulatory BP measurement. BP was categorized based on casual and ABPM results into normal (42%), white-coat (4%), masked (35%), and ...

Dyslipidemia, a known risk factor for atherosclerosis, is frequent among both adults and children with chronic kidney disease. Here, we describe the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia from a cross-sectional analysis of 391 children aged 1-16 years, enrolled in the multicenter Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study, with a median glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by the plasma disappearance of iohexol, of 43 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Multivariate analysis was applied to ...

PURPOSE: Renal transplantation in children with end stage renal disease due to congenital urological malformations has traditionally been associated with a poor outcome compared to transplantation in those with a normal urinary tract. In addition, the optimal urological treatment for such children remains unclear. To address these issues, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with renal transplantation in this population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1986 and 1998, 12 boys and 6 ...

These pediatric hypertension guidelines are an update to the 2004 "Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents." Significant changes in these guidelines include (1) the replacement of the term "prehypertension" with the term "elevated blood pressure," (2) new normative pediatric blood pressure (BP) tables based on normal-weight children, (3) a simplified screening table for identifying BPs needing further evaluation, (4) a ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) can help differentiate children with secondary hypertension from those with primary hypertension.

METHODS: Ninety-seven ABPM studies obtained from 85 children followed in a pediatric hypertension clinic were analyzed. Forty studies were performed in patients with primary hypertension, and 57 studies were performed in patients with secondary hypertension. Mean patient age was 13.8 +/- 3.5 [mean +/- standard ...

The efficacy and safety of valsartan were studied in 90 children (mean age: 3.2 years; 60% male; 30% black) with systolic blood pressure (SBP) > or =95th percentile. Nineteen percent received valsartan in addition to previous antihypertensive therapy. Subjects were randomly assigned to low-, medium-, or high-dose valsartan for 2 weeks (phase 1) and then reassigned randomly to placebo or to remain on the same valsartan dose for 2 additional weeks (phase 2). After this, subjects were ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for cognitive dysfunction, and over half have hypertension. Data on the potential contribution of hypertension to CKD-associated neurocognitive deficits in children are limited. Our objective was to determine whether children with CKD and elevated BP (EBP) had decreased performance on neurocognitive testing compared with children with CKD and normal BP.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is common in CKD but its change over time and how that change is influenced by concurrent progression of CKD have not been previously described.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: In the CKD in Children study we prospectively followed children with progressive CKD and utilized multivariable, linear mixed-effects models to quantify the longitudinal relationship between within-subject changes in ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and genetic disorders cause most cases of CKD in children. This study evaluated the relationships between baseline proteinuria and BP and longitudinal changes in GFR in children with these nonglomerular causes of CKD.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, casual systolic and diastolic BP (normalized for age, sex, and height), and GFR decline were assessed in the ...