BACKGROUND: Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.

METHODS: We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; ...

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A (p16/Ink4a) is a tumor suppressor and upregulated in cellular senescence. CDKN2A promoter methylation and gene silencing are associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colon cancer. However, prognostic significance of CDKN2A methylation or loss of CDKN2A (p16) expression independent of CIMP status remains uncertain. Using a database of 902 colorectal cancers in 2 independent cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the ...

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that tooth loss and periodontal disease might increase the risk of developing various cancers; however, smoking might have confounded the reported associations. We aimed to assess whether periodontal disease or tooth loss is associated with cancer risk.

METHODS: The analysis was done in a prospective study (the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study [HPFS]), which was initiated in 1986 when US male health professionals aged 40-75 years responded to ...

BACKGROUND: In several epidemiologic investigations, folate intake has appeared to reduce the elevated risk of breast cancer associated with moderate alcohol consumption. However, data relating plasma folate levels to breast cancer risk are sparse. We investigated the association between plasma folate and other vitamins with breast cancer in a prospective, nested case-control study.

METHODS: Blood samples were obtained during 1989 and 1990 from 32 826 women in the Nurses' Health Study ...

OBJECTIVE: Sex steroid hormones are thought to contribute to the growth, differentiation, and progression of prostate cancer. We investigated plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and length of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat in relation to incident prostate cancer diagnosed in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era.

METHODS: Using a nested case-control design, we included 460 prostate cancer cases diagnosed after providing a blood specimen in 1993 but before February 1998 among ...

IMPORTANCE: Evidence indicates a complex link between gut microbiome, immunity, and intestinal tumorigenesis. To target the microbiota and immunity for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy, a better understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is needed. Experimental evidence suggests that Fusobacterium nucleatum may promote colonic neoplasia development by downregulating antitumor T cell-mediated adaptive ...

OBJECTIVE: Given the importance of inflammation in acute kidney injury and the relationship between vitamin D and inflammation, we sought to elucidate the effect of vitamin D on acute kidney injury. We hypothesized that deficiency in 25-hydroxyvitamin D prior to hospital admission would be associated with acute kidney injury in the critically ill.

DESIGN: Two-center observational study of patients treated in medical and surgical intensive care units.

SETTING: Two hundred nine medical and ...

CONTEXT: Alterations of the WNT signaling pathway and cadherin-associated protein β 1 (CTNNB1 or β-catenin) have been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis and metabolic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that CTNNB1 activation in colorectal cancer modifies prognostic associations of body mass index (BMI) and level of postdiagnosis physical activity.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Two US prospective cohort studies (Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up ...

Importance: Prolonged sitting, particularly watching television or videos, has been associated with increased risk of multiple diseases and mortality. However, changes in sedentary behaviors over time have not been well described in the United States.

Objective: To evaluate patterns and temporal trends in sedentary behaviors and sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates in the US population.

Design, Setting, and Participants: A serial, cross-sectional analysis of the US nationally ...

CONTEXT: Randomized trials of short-term aspirin use for prevention of recurrent colorectal adenoma have provided compelling evidence of a causal relationship between aspirin and colorectal neoplasia. However, data on long-term risk of colorectal cancer according to dose, timing, or duration of therapy with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain limited.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of aspirin and NSAIDs in prevention of colorectal cancer.

DESIGN, ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Endoscopic screening reduces incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) because precursor lesions, such as conventional adenomas or serrated polyps, are removed. Individuals with polypectomies are advised to undergo colonoscopy surveillance to prevent CRC. However, guidelines for surveillance intervals after diagnosis of a precursor lesion, particularly for individuals with serrated polyps, vary widely, and lack sufficient supporting evidence. Consequently, ...

BACKGROUND: Fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants have been proposed to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. However, few prospective studies have examined the intakes of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidant vitamins in relation to the risk of renal cell cancer.

METHODS: We prospectively examined the associations between the intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer in women and men. We followed 88,759 women in the Nurses' ...