The Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT) was a randomized clinical trial conducted between 2004 and 2010, which randomized 7466 women aged 18 to 25 to receive the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine or control Hepatitis-A vaccine. Participants were followed for 4 years with cross-over vaccination at the study end. In 2010 the long term follow-up (LTFU) study was initiated to evaluate the 10-year impact of HPV-16/18 vaccination, determinants of the immune response, and HPV natural history in a ...

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the type-specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and risk factors for anal high-risk (HR) HPV infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study of anal and cervical HPV infection was nested within a gynecological cohort of HIV-infected women. Specimens were tested for type-specific DNA using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay.

RESULTS: The study population consisted of 311 women ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and women with transplant-associated immunocompromise are at increased risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer compared with healthy, immunocompetent women. HPV often manifests as a "field" effect in immunocompromised women who are also at increased risk for vaginal, vulval, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Immunocompromised women require careful follow-up with regular cy-tologic screening, and there ...