OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Definitions exist to identify those "at risk." Treatment of HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy can induce severe metabolic complications including lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients and compare insulin resistance and total body, limb, and ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe a syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy (fat wasting of the face, limbs and upper trunk), hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving potent HIV protease inhibitor therapy.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

SETTING: Outpatient clinic of a university teaching hospital.

PATIENTS: HIV-infected patients either receiving at least one protease inhibitor (n=116) or protease inhibitor-naive (n=32), and healthy men (n=47).

INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME ...

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Little is known about MS and its consequences following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).

METHODS: HIV-infected adults (881) initiating ART were evaluated for prevalence and incidence of MS and subsequent diagnosis of CVD and T2DM over a 3-year period. MS was defined by criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on ...

BackgroundFTO gene variants are linked to obesity. We tested for site-specific differences in FTO gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SAT and VAT, respectively) from individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and the relationships between fasting glucose, in vivo insulin action, and measures of adiposity with FTO gene expression in adipose tissue.MethodsPaired subcutaneous and visceral fat were excised at elective surgery in n = 16 subjects (six ...

This study addresses the paucity of research on the prospective relationship between a range of inflammatory markers and symptoms of depression and anxiety during aging. In the Sydney Memory and Aging Study, the relationships between remitted depression, current and first onset of symptoms of depression or anxiety (Geriatric Depression Scale and Goldberg Anxiety Scale (GDS, GAS), and markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins-1β, -6, -8, -10, -12, ...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and severity of lipodystrophy syndrome with long-term therapy for HIV-1 infection that includes a protease inhibitor is unknown. We studied the natural course of the syndrome to develop diagnostic criteria and identifying markers that predict its severity.

METHODS: We assessed 113 patients who were receiving HIV-1 protease inhibitors (mean 21 months) and 45 HIV-1-infected patients (28 with follow-up) never treated with a protease inhibitor. Lipodystrophy was ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate 1). associations between environmental factors (alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy [HRT], and physical activity) and insulin resistance and secretion, independent of genetic influences; 2). the contribution of abdominal adiposity to these relationships; and 3). whether gene-environment interactions mediate these associations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Reported effects of lifestyle factors on insulin resistance and secretion are inconsistent, ...

BACKGROUND: Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which are used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and have been associated with lipoatrophy. The effects of this mitochondrial dysfunction on lipid metabolism, at a molecular level in vivo, have not been described.

METHODS: We examined early changes (by 2 weeks after initiation of therapy) in expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes in adipose tissue from 20 ...

CONTEXT: Obesity-related chronic inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of weight loss on immune cells in T2D and prediabetes.

DESIGN AND SETTING: Thirteen obese subjects with T2D or prediabetes underwent 24 wk dietary energy restriction with gastric banding surgery at 12 wk.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included weight, waist, and insulin resistance; surface activation marker ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the phenotypic and dietary characteristics of energy underreporters in a healthy population of middleaged women using accurate body composition measures.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 436 healthy middleaged female volunteers, unaware of any hypotheses regarding diet and body fat: mean age 58 y (39–70 y), body mass index (BMI) 24.3 kg/m2 (17.0–41.9 kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight (25.0>BMI>29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) were 30% and 5% ...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Raised low-grade systemic inflammation has been associated with dementia, and preliminary studies suggest an association with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examines the relationship between systemic inflammation and MCI subtypes.

METHODS: We measured the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukins (IL)-1β, -6, -8, -10 and -12, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), serum amyloid A (SAA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular adhesion ...

ObjectivesWhile obesity has been linked with lower quality of life in the general adult population, the prospective effects of present obesity on future quality of life amongst the elderly is unclear. This article investigates the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between obesity and aspects of quality of life in community-dwelling older Australians.MethodA 2-year longitudinal sample of community dwellers aged 70–90 years at baseline, derived from the Sydney Memory and ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is predicted by central obesity and circulating adipokines regulating inflammation. We hypothesized that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in T2D expresses greater levels of proinflammatory molecules. Paired samples of subcutaneous (SAT) and VAT were excised at elective surgery (n = 16, 6 with T2D, n = 8 age- and gender- matched controls). Metabolic parameters were measured in the fasted state: body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and insulin ...

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) values predict atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Associations between CRP and obesity, predominantly assessed anthropometrically, may partly explain these observations. Previous studies have been unable to control for genetic influences on CRP and obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between CRP and accurately measured body fat, lipids, apolipoproteins, blood pressure, and environmental and ...