Twenty cases of interstitial pneumonia secondary to treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were reviewed. Their interstitial pneumonia had the following features: (a) it occurred predominantly in patients aged 60 years or older; (b) it was prevalent among patients with haematological malignancies, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; (c) in all patients G-CSF was given after anti-cancer agents with potential to affect the lungs; (d) at the onset, many patients had symptoms such as dyspnoea and fever; and (e) the leucocyte (neutrophil) count as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were usually higher than normal at the onset. These findings indicate that, when G-CSF is used in combination with pneumotoxic anti-cancer agents, respiratory function should be monitored before and during treatment. If the leucocyte (or neutrophil) count and/or LDH and CRP increase suddenly in association with dyspnoea and fever during administration of G-CSF, interstitial pneumonia should be suspected. Accordingly, a chest radiograph and pulmonary functional tests should be performed promptly. If a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia is made, steroid pulse therapy should be commenced immediately.

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