Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent and often severe in children and adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although native vitamin D {25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]} is thought to have pleiotropic effects on many organ systems, its skeletal effects have been most widely studied. The 25(OH)D deficiency is causally linked with rickets and fractures in healthy children and those with CKD, contributing to the CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD) complex. There are few studies to ...

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal synthesis of active vitamin D [1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)] declines and is associated with hypocalcaemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism and the spectrum of CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD). In advanced CKD, active vitamin D analogues, including alfacalcidol, calcitriol and paricalcitol, are routinely administered. There are few studies on the use of vitamin D analogues in children with CKD and on dialysis. It is difficult ...

In children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), optimal control of bone and mineral homeostasis is essential, not only for the prevention of debilitating skeletal complications and achieving adequate growth but also for preventing vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease. Complications of mineral bone disease (MBD) are common and contribute to the high morbidity and mortality seen in children with CKD. Although several studies describe the prevalence of abnormal calcium, ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the treatment of girls with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs, at least two periods confirmed) and urodynamically confirmed dysfunctional voiding with pelvic-floor therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two girls with recurrent UTIs were treated prospectively during a study period of 18 months. Training consisted of an individually adapted voiding and drinking schedule, pelvic-floor relaxation biofeedback, instructions on toilet behaviour and biofeedback ...

PURPOSE: Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is frequently associated with nocturnal polyuria and low urinary osmolality during the night. Initial studies found decreased vasopressin levels associated with low urinary osmolality overnight. Together with the documented desmopressin response, this was suggestive of a primary role for vasopressin in the pathogenesis of enuresis in the absence of bladder dysfunction. Recent studies no longer confirm this primary role of vasopressin. Other ...

Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), the most severe inherited retinal dystrophy, is genetically heterogeneous, with 14 genes accounting for 70% of patients. Here, 91 LCA probands underwent LCA chip analysis and subsequent sequencing of 6 genes (CEP290, CRB1, RPE65, GUCY2D, AIPL1and CRX), revealing mutations in 69% of the cohort, with major involvement of CEP290 (30%). In addition, 11 patients with early-onset retinal dystrophy (EORD) and 13 patients with Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS), ...

PURPOSE: Although the relationship between enuresis and psychopathology has been studied intensively, little is known about the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders. We investigate the prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with nocturnal enuresis and correlate these data with clinical subtypes of enuresis/incontinence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 children with nocturnal enuresis 6 to 12 years old participated in a prevalence study. A ...

PURPOSE: The current study focuses on the construction and validation of the Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis, for emotional problems and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in a population of children with enuresis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In phase I factor analyses were performed on 31 items of the Internalizing scale of the Child Behavior Checklist and on 18 items of the Attention Deficit Disorder scale of the Disruptive Behavior ...

INTRODUCTION: Mirabegron, a selective β3-adrenoreceptor agonist, is a well-established alternative to antimuscarinics in adults with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and is under development for use in pediatric patients. Understanding drug pharmacokinetics (PK) in pediatric patients is needed to determine appropriate dosing. Conducting these studies is ethically complex, particularly as regulatory guidance requires that PK is assessed in pediatric patients with a therapeutic need for ...

PURPOSE: In a specialized university setting the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in general and particularly the inattentive subtype attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the predominantly inattentive subtype is highly increased. We replicated previous research findings that enuresis is associated with a brainstem deficit and investigated the impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on this brainstem deficit in enuresis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: ...

Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize cefazolin serum pharmacokinetics in children before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in order to derive an evidence-based dosing regimen.

Patients and methods: This study included children who received cefazolin before surgical incision, before cessation of CPB and after surgery. Blood samples of total and unbound cefazolin concentrations were collected before, during and after CPB. The cefazolin ...

PURPOSE: The prevalence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder was increased in a predominantly nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis population reported on previously. At 2 years after onset of treatment for enuresis attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder seemed to be a risk factor for continuing enuresis. In the current 4-year followup study we sought to determine whether the original attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder diagnosis could be reconfirmed, thereby reflecting the ...

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is caused by alternative complement pathway dysregulation, leading to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and severe end-organ damage. Based on 2 prospective studies in mostly adults and retrospective data in children, eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, is approved for aHUS treatment. Here we prospectively evaluated efficacy and safety of weight-based dosing of eculizumab in eligible pediatric patients with aHUS in an open-label ...

PURPOSE: The impact of the original International Children's Continence Society terminology document on lower urinary tract function resulted in the global establishment of uniformity and clarity in the characterization of lower urinary tract function and dysfunction in children across multiple health care disciplines. The present document serves as a stand-alone terminology update reflecting refinement and current advancement of knowledge on pediatric lower urinary tract ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the self-image of children between 8 and 12 years with nocturnal enuresis, and to correlate the findings with age, sex, clinical symptoms, primary versus secondary enuresis and treatment failures.

METHODS: The study-group embraced 50 university hospital, and therefore selected therapy-resistant nocturnal enuresis-children, 27 boys and 23 girls. The mean age was 9.8, which means children aged between 8 and 12 years. Children were classified into two age groups: I=8-9 ...