Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.

Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.

Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA

Division of Otolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States

Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC

Division of Otolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC

George Washington University Medical Center, United States

Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, United States

Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon

From the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Chun), and the Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (Preciado, Zalzal, Shah).

Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (Drs Preciado and Zalzal)

Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, United States

From the Division of Otolaryngology (r.k.s., g.h.z.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC, U.S.A.; Division of Anesthesiology (l.w.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC, U.S.A.; George Washington University School of Medicine (s.a.), Washington DC, U.S.A.; and Division of Perioperative Nursing (e.s.), Center for Surgical Care, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, U.S.A.

Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

From the Center for Genetic Medicine Research (Peña, Aujla, Watson, Rose), the Department of Otolaryngology (Peña, Zalzal), and the Department of Anatomical Pathology (Przygodzki), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, and the Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Zudaire).

From the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center (both authors), and the Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine (Zalzal), Washington, DC. This study was performed in accordance with the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the NIH, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. et seq.); the animal use protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.

Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC

From Children's Research Institute (Peña, Aujla, Patel, Rose) and the Department of Otolaryngology (Peña, Zalzal), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.

Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology (Drs Peña, Choi, and Zalzal), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue, Washington, DC 20010, USA

Departments of *Anesthesiology, †Pediatrics, and ‡Otorhinolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center and George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center (GHZ, LPT)

Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s National Medical Center (Drs Choi, Tran, and Zalzal); and Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, George Washington University and Health Sciences (Drs Choi and Zalzal)

From the Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School (C.S.D.), Norfolk, Virginia, the Department Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center (D.J.M.), San Antonio, Texas, the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center (G.Z.), Washington, DC, the Department of Surgery/Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (B.J.W.), Birmingham, Alabama, the Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (H.K.K.), Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington-Seattle (M.D.C.), Seattle, Washington.

Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA, US

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC., USA.

From the Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.

Otolaryngology Consultants of Memphis, TN, USA

Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20010

George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA.

Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010.

Associate, Department of Otolaryngology Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.

From the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC

From the Departments of Otolaryngology (Drs. Berkowitz and Zalzal) and Pathology (Dr. Chandra), Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University.

From the Departments of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (Drs. Zalzal and Barber) and Pathology (Dr. Chandra), Children's Hospital National Medical Center and George Washington University.

Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, George Washington University; and Children’s Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, DC

Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010 U.S.A.

Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio

Cincinnati, OH