PURPOSE: There is little information in the literature describing the anatomy of the biceps tendon insertion. The purpose of this study was to map the footprint of the biceps tendon insertion on the bicipital tuberosity and to report on the relevant anatomy to assist surgeons with correct tendon orientation during surgical repair.

METHODS: Fifteen fresh-frozen adult upper extremities were used in this study. The relationships between the long head of the biceps tendon, the short head of ...

OBJECT: The authors report the functional outcomes after functioning free muscle transfer (FFMT) for restoration of the upper-extremity movement after brachial plexus injury (BPI).

METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of 36 gracilis FFMT procedures performed in 27 patients with BPI between 1990 and 2000. Eighteen patients underwent a single gracilis FFMT procedure for restoration of either elbow flexion (17 cases) or finger flexion (one case). Nine patients underwent a ...

BACKGROUND: Conventional wisdom suggests that the glenoid defect after a shoulder dislocation is anteroinferior. However, recent studies have found that the defect is located anteriorly. The purposes of this study were (1) to clarify the critical size of the anterior defect and (2) to demonstrate the stabilizing mechanism of bone-grafting.

METHODS: Thirteen cadaver shoulders were investigated. With use of a custom testing machine with a 50-N compression force, the peak translational ...

BACKGROUND: Total shoulder arthroplasty is traditionally performed through an anterior deltopectoral exposure with subscapularis tenotomy. Postoperative subscapularis dysfunction is common and adversely affects clinical outcomes. Consequently, surgeon interest in lesser tuberosity osteotomy has grown in an effort to improve subscapularis repair strength. This study investigated the biomechanical strength of subscapularis tenotomy vs lesser tuberosity osteotomy in the setting of total ...

PURPOSE: Large rotator cuff tears present a challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. Because tissue may be insufficient or of inadequate quality to undergo repair, a variety of materials have been used as adjuncts. Human dermal tissue may be processed to render it acellular, and thus less immunogenic, but with the extracellular matrix left intact, creating a collagen scaffold with favorable characteristics. Because of these traits, use in rotator cuff repair was proposed.

METHODS: A canine ...

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether the anterior capsule should be repaired to the coracoid process or to the native glenoid during the modified Latarjet procedure. We investigated joint stability and range of motion of the shoulder after the modified Latarjet procedure with both of these methods of capsular repair.

METHODS: Eighteen fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used. After a Bankart lesion and 6-mm glenoid defect were created, the coracoid process was transferred to the glenoid ...

PURPOSE: To investigate the alteration of passive stiffness in the supraspinatus muscle after double-row (DR) and knotless transosseous-equivalent (KL-TOE) repair techniques, using shear wave elastography (SWE) in cadavers with rotator cuff tears. We also aimed to compare altered muscular stiffness after these repairs to that obtained from shoulders with intact rotator cuff tendon.

METHODS: Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders with rotator cuff tear (tear size: small [6], medium-large ...

BACKGROUND: Different rehabilitation protocols have been used after repair of distal biceps ruptures.

PURPOSE: This study investigates the safety of immediate active range of motion protocol after modified 2-incision distal biceps tendon repair in acute ruptures.

STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were participants in this study. After repair, the upper extremities were placed in a sling for 1 to ...

BACKGROUND: After elbow fracture-dislocation, surgeons confront numerous treatment options in pursuing a stable joint for early motion. The relative contributions of the radial head and coronoid, in combination, to elbow stability have not been defined fully.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an approximately 50% transverse coronoid fracture and fixation in the setting of an intact or resected radial head on coronal (varus/valgus) and axial ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on the incidence of complications after primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA).

METHODS: All patients who underwent primary TSA or RSA at our institution between 2002 and 2011 and had a minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Smoking status was assessed at the time of surgery. Current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were compared for periprosthetic ...

Animal models of joint contracture may be used to elucidate the mechanisms of arthrofibrosis. Patients with joint contracture commonly undergo surgical capsular release. Previous animal models of joint contracture do not simulate this aspect of arthrofibrosis. We hypothesize that a surgical capsular release will decrease the severity of arthrofibrosis in this rabbit model. A capsular contracture was surgically created in 20 skeletally mature rabbits. Eight weeks later, ten rabbits ...

BACKGROUND: Monopolar and bipolar radial head prosthetic arthroplasties have been used successfully to treat elbow fracture-dislocation with unsalvageable radial head fractures. The relative stability of these two designs in different clinical situations is a topic of ongoing investigation.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We tested the effects of monopolar and bipolar fixed-neck prosthetic radial head implants on improvement in elbow coronal and axial plane laxity in a terrible triad biomechanical ...

BACKGROUND: The Latarjet procedure has been used commonly for extra-articular treatment of anterior glenohumeral joint instability. Recently, the technique also has been used as a bone-grafting procedure to repair large glenoid defects. The "sling effect" and the "bone-block effect" have been proposed as the stabilizing mechanisms of this procedure. The aim of this study was to determine the stabilizing mechanisms of this procedure.

METHODS: Eight fresh-frozen shoulders were prepared and ...

Twenty-five shoulders with recurrent instability and associated anterior glenoid rim lesions were reviewed to 1) develop a classification system of the lesions, 2) evaluate radiographic techniques in detecting the lesions, and 3) analyze the outcome of surgery. Lesions were classified into three types: Type I, a displaced avulsion fracture with attached capsule; Type II, a medially displaced fragment malunited to the glenoid rim; and Type III, erosion of the glenoid rim with less than ...

Reducing rotator cuff failure after repair remains a challenge due to suboptimal tendon-to-bone healing. In this study we report a novel biomaterial with engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite (TFBC) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheet (BMSCS); this construct was tested for augmentation of rotator cuff repair using a canine non-weight-bearing (NWB) model. A total of 42 mixed-breed dogs were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n = 14 each). Unilateral infraspinatus ...