IMPORTANCE: Type 1 diabetes usually has a preclinical phase identified by circulating islet autoantibodies, but the rate of progression to diabetes after seroconversion to islet autoantibodies is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of progression to diabetes after islet autoantibody seroconversion.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were pooled from prospective cohort studies performed in Colorado (recruitment, 1993-2006), Finland (recruitment, 1994-2009), and Germany ...

The present study investigated the association between variants in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2 gene (PTPN2), as well as an interaction between VDR and PTPN2 and the risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) and progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) has followed children at increased risk of T1D since 1993. Of the 1692 DAISY children genotyped for VDR rs1544410, VDR rs2228570, VDR ...

BACKGROUND: Around 0.3% of newborns will develop autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells in childhood and subsequently develop type 1 diabetes before adulthood. Primary prevention of type 1 diabetes will require early intervention in genetically at-risk infants. The objective of this study was to determine to what extent genetic scores (two previous genetic scores and a merged genetic score) can improve the prediction of type 1 diabetes.

METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Environmental Determinants ...

CONTEXT: While gluten ingestion is responsible for the signs and symptoms of celiac disease, it is not known what factors are associated with initial appearance of the disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the timing of gluten exposure in the infant diet was associated with the development of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Prospective observational study conducted in Denver, Colo, from 1994-2004 of 1560 children at increased risk for celiac disease or ...

CONTEXT: Diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia are acute complications of type 1 diabetes that are related, respectively, to insufficient or excessive insulin treatment. However, little is known about additional modifiable risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia in children with diabetes and to determine the factors that predict these complications.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 1243 children from infancy to age ...

AIM: We investigated whether omega-3 fatty acid intake and erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid levels are associated with conversion to type 1 diabetes in children with islet autoimmunity (IA).

METHODS: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young is following children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of persistent IA, as defined as being positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, i, or insulin autoantibodies on two consecutive visits, and then for ...

NIDDM is usually characterized by beta-cell failure and decreased insulin sensitivity. It has been reported that a high proportion of African-American NIDDM subjects are insulin sensitive. To examine this issue, we determined insulin sensitivity (S(I)) in 479 NIDDM subjects by minimal model analyses of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance (FSIGT) from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a large multicenter study of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk ...

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with type 1 diabetes have a less atherogenic fasting lipid profile than those without diabetes but paradoxically have increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated differences in lipoprotein subfraction cholesterol distribution and insulin resistance between subjects with and without type 1 diabetes to better understand the etiology of increased CVD risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Fast protein liquid chromatography was used to fractionate ...

BACKGROUND: Rapid glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline (>3 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) is an increasingly recognized high-risk diabetic nephropathy (DN) phenotype in Type 1 diabetes. Rapid GFR decline is a recognized predictor of impaired GFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). However, the association between rapid GFR decline and renal hyperfiltration is not well described in Type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that renal hyperfiltration (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR ≥ 120 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) ...

OBJECTIVE: Specific alleles of non-HLA genes INS, CTLA-4, and PTPN22 have been associated with type 1 diabetes. We examined whether some of these alleles influence development of islet autoimmunity or progression from persistent islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes in children with high-risk HLA-DR,DQ genotypes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Since 1993, the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) has followed 2,449 young children carrying HLA-DR,DQ genotypes associated with type ...

Importance: High gluten intake during childhood may confer risk of celiac disease.

Objectives: To investigate if the amount of gluten intake is associated with celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease in genetically at-risk children.

Design, Setting, and Participants: The participants in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY), a prospective observational birth cohort study designed to identify environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, ...

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). It has been suggested that diabetic subjects without clinical CAD should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factors as subjects with CAD. This would be warranted if diabetic subjects without clinical CAD would have accelerated CAD similar to that of nondiabetic subjects with symptomatic CAD. To assess this suggestion, we compared the intima-media wall ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess insulin action on peripheral glucose utilization and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression as a predictor of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients with type 1 diabetes and nondiabetic controls.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Insulin action was measured by a three-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (4, 8, and 40 mU/m²/min) in 87 subjects from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes cohort (40 diabetic, 47 nondiabetic; mean age 45 ± 8 ...